![]() ![]() The resurgence of vector population like that of Aedes aegypti in Latin America has been linked to the resurgence of dengue. Though the vector provides another vulnerability to the disease transmission cycle, it also provides a mechanism for spreading the diseases. Such is the case for diseases like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. For such illnesses, vector control or protection of humans from exposure to the vector may be the most important means of risk reduction. Also, there is no specific treatment for many of the diseases. But for many vector-borne diseases, there are no effective vaccines or chemoprophylactic measures. Other diseases such as malaria can be prevented through prophylactic use of drugs. Some vector-borne diseases, such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis, can be effectively prevented by immunization, though maintenance of a cold chain to ensure vaccine viability may be necessary and can be difficult to maintain in remote environments. For vector-borne disease, however, there is often the possibility of vector control as a means of interrupting the disease cycle. For non-vector-borne diseases, prevention can take a variety of forms including immunizations, sanitation, infection control, chemoprophylaxis, curative medicine, and others. The disease transmission cycles are as diverse as the range of vectors.Īlthough the disease transmission cycles of vector-borne diseases can be very complex, they do provide a unique opportunity for prevention or control. The vectors represent a wide spectrum of arthropod species, from the ticks and mites of Arachnida to the mosquitoes, true bugs, and lice of Insecta. Some of the others, like trachoma, may also exhibit a vector-borne element through the mechanical transmission of disease agents by filth flies. Of the 20 illnesses listed as neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization in 2020, 6 are primarily transmitted by vectors: American trypanosomiasis, African trypanosomiasis, dengue (and chikungunya), leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, and onchocerciasis. Despite significant success with reducing the rates of diseases like malaria, typhus, and yellow fever, vector-borne diseases persist. Great effort has gone into reducing the incidence of malaria, reflecting the dedication of governments, nongovernmental organizations, charitable agencies, scientists, and medical workers. And this reflects a recent improvement over previous years. ![]() For the millions of survivors of malaria infection, the costs of disease and disability are enormous. Estimates of mortality due to malaria alone exceed 400,000 per year. Despite extraordinary efforts to control or eliminate vector-borne diseases, they persist. ![]()
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